TIT LIVIUS: THEORETICALLY EVENTUAL ECLIPSES DESCRIBED IN HIS BOOKS PROBLEM SOLUTION
1. TWO SOLAR ECLIPSES MENTIONED IN 4-TH DECADE OF BOOK BY TIT LIVIUS PROBLEM DECISION
In Morozov (1) on p. 436 in chapter VI under numbers XXV and XXVI is going about eclipses mentioned in Tit Livius:
"In forth decade of books related by Tit Livius is saying:
"In this dats when consul went to the war during Apollo holidays in five days before quinctiles ides (11 July) in day by clare sky light became dark when Moon came to solar disk"(2), (7, № 25)
Livius says this were by consuls Cornalius Scipio Asian and S.Lelius, and that in further years after two was other solar eclipse too in the end of spring betweeen thierd and forth hour. "Before new chiefs went to countries in decembris collegia was ordered about people prying to all crossroads, because in day alomost between third and forth hour darkness appeared. And was appointed three days long sacrifice bring because on Aventine (in Roma) raining stones""(3).
This eclipse by Tit Livius was visible in year 564 AUC hence in year 190 BC.
Let's say not at first about Morozov's nonaccuracy: quinctil ides were in July at July 13, and 5-th day before it was namely July 8, not July 11.
Hence we obtain problem: solar eclipse in year N in five days before quintill ides (8 July) and in year N+2 in the end of spring, between third and forth hour.
We are writing all passing pairs of eclipses according Krasilnikov's canon into the Table 1 (first two columns correspond Roma italian and second Constantinopol). The couples of eclipses was writing exception one in years -587, -586, -584 when was wrote three eclipses.
Table 1
| -793/08/26 | 17:47 | 0.868 | ||
| -790/06/24 | 15:50 | 0.955 | ||
| -650/06/07 | 08:03 | 0.872 | ||
| -647/04/06 | 07:33 | 0.831 | ||
| -587/07/29 | 17:00 | 0.826 | ||
| -586/12/14 | 08:20 | 0.907 | ||
| -584/05/28 | 15:30 | 0.972 | ||
| -393/08/14 | 07:26 | 0.936 | ||
| -390/06/12 | 18:39 | 0.873 | ||
| -336/07/14 | 17:12 | 0.960 | ||
| -335/07/04 | 08:48 | 0.747 | ||
| -363/07/13 | 07:17 | 0.925 | ||
| -360/05/12 | 16:16 | 0.885 | ||
| -233/07/16 | 14:08 | 0.803 | ||
| -229/05/05 | 06:41 | 0.845 | ||
| -009/06/30 | 10:33 | 0.839 | ||
| -008/06/19 | 02:36 | 0.781 | ||
| 0234/06/14 | 03:53 | 0.939 | 03:45 | 0.880 |
| 0237/04/12 | 16:51 | 0.864 | 16:45 | 0.832 |
| 0418/07/19 | 10:47 | 1.046 | ||
| 0421/05/17 | 14:24 | 0.369 | ||
| 0661/07/02 | 04:37 | 0.685 | ||
| 0664/05/01 | 17:37 | 0.745 | ||
| 0967/07/10 | 05:32 | 0.684 | 05:36 | 0.831 |
| 0970/05/08 | 04:36 | 0.844 | 04:32 | 0.967 |
The lack of pair from table 2:
Table 2
| -363/07/13 | 07:17 | 0.925 |
| -360/05/12 | 16:16 | 0.885 |
The lack of pair 234/06/14 and 237/04/12: first eclipse was too far from july ides.
In certain degree most passing solution is the pair mentioned in table 3.
Table 3
| 967/07/10 | 05:32 | 0.684 | 05:36 | 0.831 |
| 970/05/08 | 04:36 | 0.844 | 04:32 | 0.967 |
The last one was observed in the end of spring (8 May) between forth and fifth hour by GMT. Coincidence with Tit Livius from viewpoint of time of day.
In this case exploring by Krasilnikov's canon led to equal conclusions that exploring by Oppolzer's canon.
2. SOLAR ECLIPSES DESCRIBED IN THIRD DECADE TIT LIVIUS BOOKS PROBLEM SOLUTION
Tit Livius had described in books XXI-XXX telling about war between Roma and Gannibal several astronomical evidences.
In book XXII chapter 1 is going that "In Sardinia... solis orbis minui visum... et Arpis Parmas in coelo visas pugnantemque cum luna solem" ("In Roma came march idas, anew elected council Servili get the post... and in Sardinia Sun was decreased... in Arp Parmas Moon and Sun wrestled").
In book XXIX chapter 14 is going about comet with tale from East to West.
In book XXX-38,8 Tit Livius writes: "In Cuma Sun disc was observed diminished".
Paying in account that is going about military time events relative chronology narrated events is supposed as rather precise and we can suppose that between first and second eclipse in Livius narrating there were 13-15 years passed.
Hence we have two solar eclipses problem:
-eclipse in year N near march ides (15 March) visible from Parma, Sardinia and in less degree visible from Roma.
-eclipse in year N+14 observed from Cuma (italian town Cumiano) and eventually in less degree visible from Roma.
According Krasilnikov's canon we considered all eclipses observed from sardinia (we considered the geografical centre of island), Parma and compared with eclipses observed form Roma. All results we wrote in table 4.
Table 4 is composed so: in left part in first column are eclipse dates which held near march ides, and those dates are places by the method of consequent declination from march ides date 15 march. The range considered was 7 days in each side. Further there are three pares of columns, GMT and phase observed from Parma, Sardinia and Roma.
In right part of table are eclipses observed from Roma in years scoring by formulae N+13, N+14 or N+15 which can be observed from Cuma. Empty cells mean absence of corresponding eclipses.
Table 4
Parma Sardinia
Roma
-162/03/15 15:43 1.043 15:45 0.868 15:46 0.912
359/03/15 15:22 0.911 15:25 0.955 15:26 0.997
-710/03/14 08:15 0.781 08:05 0.821 08:12 0.823
-189/03/14 06:23 0.877 06:14 0.925 06:19 0.907
332/03/13 07:51 0.835 07:40 0.800 07:46 0.798 346/06/06
04:28 0.697
347/10/20 15:56 0.636
-553/03/18 10:50 0.827 10:42 0.751 10:50 0.755
1010/03/18 17:14 0.935 17:18 0.798 17:17 0.854 1023/01/24 12:40
0.667
592/03/19 09:07 0.802 08:56 0.843 09:04 0.860
606/06/11 07:44 0.661
80/03/10 06:29 0.745 06:20 0.822 06:24 0.789
-404/03/20
16:50 0.801 16:49 0.752 -390/06/12 18:39 0.873
71/03/20 09:23 0.718 09:13 0.756 09:20 0.774
1140/03/20 15:07 0.761
-423/03/21 06:52 0.852 06:42 0.782 06:47 0.807 -408/06/01
09:37 0.668
-50/03/07 12:24 0.937 12:19 0.882 12:27 0.889
-37/01/14 07:53 0.834
-35/05/19 13:58 0.723
Paying in attention that Tit Livius doubtly "younged" history, and most
eventually longed, and paying in attention rather bigger time interval
(5 and 6 days) from march ides we shall consider couples of solutions -403/03/20&-390/06/12
and -423/03/21&-408/06/01 as little eventually.
From four leaving couples we can consider as most passing upper three
namely mentioned in table 5. In left part of table are data for eclipses
observed from Sardinia.
Table 5
Eclipse in year N
Eclipse in year N+14
332/03/13 07:40 0.800 346/06/06 04:28 0.697
347/10/20 15:56 0.636
1010/03/18 17:18 0.798 1023/01/24 12:40 0.667
592/03/19 08:56 0.843 606/06/11 07:44 0.661
3. MOON ECLIPSE IN THE DAY BEFORE SEPTEMBER IDES IN FIFTH DECADE OF TIT LIVIUS BOOKS
Let's consider information about Moon eclipse about which Morozov writes
in (4) on p. 267-269.
Quotation from Tit Livius by Morozov:
"C. Sulpius gallus... pronunciavit: nocte proxima, ne quid it pro portento
accipiret, ab hora secunda usque ad quartam, lunam defecturam esse, id
quia naturali ordine statio temporibus fiat et sciri ante et preadici posse...
Nocte, quam pridie Nonas septembres insecuta prope divina videri (XLIV,
36)".
"Council Sulpius gallus (by Morozovа - frenchman)... pronounced: in
next night, let it will surprise nobody, from 2-го till 4-го hour of night
will be Moon Eclipse... in night when Moon Eclipse was held frenchman's
wisdom seemed god's..."
According Krasilnikov's canon we wrote all Moon eclipses which held
the day before september nones (Septmber 4-th in evening and September
5-th in morning) in table 6
Table 6
-646/09/05 03:00
-106/09/04 23:02
0415/09/05 02:47
0434/09/04 18:22
0480/09/05 05:01
0955/09/04 23:07
1020/09/04 23:06
The most passing one between mentioned eclipses in table is eclipse held in 415/09/05. Once more in certain degree passes the first, but its year is sufficiently earlier with comparison with year of traditional dating.
4. ABOUT SOLAR ECLIPSE DURING MARCIUS RUTILIUS AND OROZIUS CONSULATES
In Morozov in (1) on p. 431 in chapter VI-XVI is going about total solar eclipse mentioned in Tit Livius (5)(7, № 17)
"In third consulate of Marcius Rutilius and second of T.Manly Torkvat after sacring of Moneta (Junona) tample the marvellous evidence was held, which was similar of Alban mountain ancient miraculum (Vezuvy is obviuos for Morozov): there was stony rain and night among day".
Morozov writes that can be going about eclipse although this is not necessary, because of can be going about vulcano throwing.
There are so few data for precise dating.
5. ABOUT ASTRONOMICAL EVIDENCIS MENTIONED IN TIT LIVIUS TENTH BOOK
In Morozov in (1) on p. 431 in chapter VI-XIX is going about some astronomical
evidencies mentioned in Tit Livius (6)(7, № 17):
"There were numerous marvellous evidencies, to avoid them senat prdered to arrange two days prying"
About this one edlipse is going in Zonara.
There are so few data for precise dating. There were possible metheorits and bolids not only solar eclipses.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Морозов Н.А. Христос. Том 4. Москва. Крафт-Леан, 1998
2. Livius, XXXVII; 4,4.
3. Livius, XXXVIII; 36,4
4. Морозов Н.А. Христос. Том 5. Москва Крафт-Леан, 1998
5. Livius, VII; 28.
6. Livius, X; 23.
7. Spezieller Kanon der Sonnen- und Mondfinsternisse fur das Landregebiet
der klassische Altertumswissenschaften und ben Zeitraum von 900 vor Chr.
bis 600 nach Chr. von F.K.Ginzel Standigem Mitgliede des Konigl. Astronomische
Recheninstitutes, Berlin Mayer & Muller 1899
LITERATURE
1. Morozov N.A. Christ. Volume 4. Moscow. Craft-Lean, 1998
2. Livius, XXXVII; 4,4
3. Livius, XXXVIII; 36,4
4. Morozov N.A. Christ. Volume 5. Moscow. Craft-Lean, 1998
5. Livius, VII; 28.
6. Livius, X; 23.
7. Spezieller Kanon der Sonnen- und Mondfinsternisse fur das Landregebiet
der klassische Altertumswissenschaften und ben Zeitraum von 900 vor Chr.
bis 600 nach Chr. von F.K.Ginzel Standigem Mitgliede des Konigl. Astronomische
Recheninstitutes, Berlin Mayer & Muller 1899
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