Theoretical bases of reconstruction of a history of mankind on the basis of the available dated historical material

This article serves as the last chapter in author's book "Tataro-mongols. Eurasia. Multivariancy" [1] which was published in Russian in October 2002.

The introduction.
1. Concept of the generalized historical fact and its representation as dependence on a of parameters.
2. Determination of collection of probable value of time of the described event.
2.1. Ways of a designation and determination of time.
2.2. Determination of collection datings of event described in a source, by consideration only of process of a perusal of dates of this source without consideration of preliminary process of record.
3. Determination of collection of names of the historical persons and geographical names mentioned in sources.
3.1. Theoretical bases of the personalities consideration.
3.2. Formalism of comparison of the generalized names of two historical persons.
3.3. Formalism of the generalized names in application to the geographical names.
3.4. Brief results of a formalism of research of names.
3.5. Plan of actions on research of a name of the historical person/geographical of the name.
4. Theoretical bases for reconstruction of separate events.
5. Theoretical bases for reconstruction of sequences of the mutual indepedent events.
6. Theoretical bases for reconstruction of separately taken sequences of the connected events, and also for global reconstruction.
7. Creation by one of the separately taken version of reconstruction of process and business, arising on a course, of pictures of a situation, and also collection of the versions.
8. Principles of optimum reduction of the received versions of reconstruction
9. Creation of the versions of reconstruction in case of suspicion of the separate historical documents on unauthenticity (or, on other way, nigilised of the versions)
10. Generalization of theoretical bases of reconstruction on a case of consideration also of processes of record.
11. Generalization of the previous calculations on a case of the not dated historical material and basic principles of work with it.
12.Plan of local reconstruction of the separate historical fact separately taken period, process, subject, phenomenon in a history, history of this or that territory.
12.1. Plan of local reconstruction of the separate historical fact.
12.2. Plan of local reconstruction of a history of that or other period.
12.3. Plan of local reconstruction of process.
12.4. Plan of local reconstruction of a history of the real historical person/geographical of the name.
12.5. Plan of local reconstruction of a history of the subject.
13. Brief summary of this article

Epigraph

Wir denken, dass der Zivilisationsprozess in seinem elementaren Kern bislang nicht ueberzeugend plausibilisiert werden konnte, weil es Rezeptionsbruche gab, auf die neue Konzeptionen folgten, die starker an Legitimitat und Identifikation interessiert waren, denn an historischer Wahrheit.

Ralph Davidson. Christoph Luhman. Evidenz und Konstrukzion. Materialen zur Kritik der historischen Dogmatik. Utopia Blvd. Dr.Landau. Hamburg 1998

The approximately epigraph translation in English: We think that civilizatiom process in its elementary core till now not could be Convincingly make similar to the true, because of there are breaks of perception, Following from the new (modern) concept, which were more interested in legality and Identification than in the historical truth.

Theoretical bases of reconstruction of mankind on the basis of the available dated historical material

The introduction

Alas, the author adheres to that viewpoint, that the history from the viewpoint of politics needs to be considered as smaller as possible, besides the viewpoint political, there is still other viewpoint - physical.

Such viewpoint is considerably more banal, and it considers completely other questions: whether there was an event at all, and if was, where and when, whether the people lived really under those or other names, and if lived, what else at them could be names, and, if that or other event has taken place, by what quantitative characteristics it can be described. Such words sound is banal, but alas, in a world history, from the viewpoint of the author, few problems have collected not so, first of all from the viewpoint of physical. Even problem of world chronology and problem personalities.

To not press here in a detail, the author will note, that the questions connected from reconstruction of a history of those or other epoch or the peoples in a history of mankind are questions methodologicalally not so simple, as can be seem on the first view. And the task of present work the author sees in creation and statement of the most common theoretical bases for reconstruction of a history of mankind on the basis of an available historical material first of all from the physical viewpoint.

Thus the author of the book will in the greater degree base at a nature described and considered, than on a situation of things existing in a historical science. Alas, the comparison of results of theoretical reasonings of the author with a real situation in a historical science would borrow too much place.

The developed formalism, offered the to the readers author, can seem a little bit bulky. But such bulkyness is justified. You see, if from the viewpoint of chronology any historical person is proclaimed living in other epoch, there is inevitably question: whether is present in same epoch of the historical persons, though it is a little on it similar? That is for a reconstruction of the most objective picture of the past there is a problem not only chronology, but also personalities. Therefore it is desirable, that the formalism was developed which could capture questions and chronology, and personalities, and, whenever possible, many others, which arise in a science under the name a history.

By one word, the author of this article represents to the readers a certain formalism, which it has named as a formalism of multivariancy. And it begins it from one of the most fundamental concepts - from concept of the generalized historical fact.

1. Concept of the generalized historical fact and its representation as dependence on of parameters.

As is known, in such science, as the history, which, according to many ancient authors, is the teacher of life (Historia magistra vita - slogan of the medieval historians), is possible, generally to describe everything, everything. It is possible to describe any moment, any episode from life of any man, any representative of an alive and lifeless nature, any process, and also any situation of things. That is theoretically to be described or dynamics any of the phenomenon (something was held, something has changed), or statics any of a situation of things (characteristic any of object, laws, principles, morals of mutual relation between objects). That is, say, that can be described both statics, and dynamics of environmental life in all its displays.

Display of dynamics of the environmental world, when has a place even micro-process, at which though something varies, we shall name event, and display of a statics of the environmental world, when will not change anything - picture of a situation . Differently: dynamics is a story THAT happened, and the statics is a story, HOW was.

Thus it is very desirable both considered event, and a picture of a situation how to characterize in more detail. In detail not in sense of splitting any of the large event on the large number small (for example, one large battle to present as the large number fine duels), and in sense of consideration it from the various points of view. Thus it is desirable to try though how to consider separate components of the described event. From the most general reasons it is clear, that it is desirable at the beginning to describe event and picture of a situation (accordingly, statics and dynamics), separately.

Still it is possible, that essence of the described event is a certain change of the relations - in such case we are compelled to enter separate parameter describing the relations between the participants of the relations. We shall designate it as Rel (from English relation). Thus it is obvious, that of time is going about change, the predicate in a narration should describe this change. Let's designate this parameter as Act (action - action).

(By the way: such formalism dividing o the certain events on parametr isn't invention of the author. Even Hugo von St.Viclor Kloster in XII century divided the essence of narrative text on three categories: Persons, Time and Place [2]).

Е=E(Chr,Lc,Pers,Subj,Rel,Act) (1.1)

Besides it is necessary how to describe those circumstances, at which this or that source has appeared and was entered into a scientific revolution (in more detail about it is in clause of the author ("The Theory of reconstruction of a history of mankind by a principle of multivariancy"). Let's designate it as Src - from engl. source. Total one event can be written down as as simple expression

It is a little bit easier to tell about a picture of a situation , that is picture of ralations betwenn certain objects. Its basic difference from one-time of event is, that the picture of a situation has not individual, and precisely outlined the initial and final moments of time. Generally, we shall it designate by the letter P.

Fig. 1. A picture a situation between events with the numbers k and k+1.

Obviously that the same place, personalities, subjects, relation between them is considered. Therefore represented on a fig. 1 we can simply copy as the formula

Р = E(Chr,Lc,Pers,Subj,Rel)(k,k+1))(1.4)

By analogy with already considered by concept of event we shall enter for a picture of the connection with sources

Р = E(Chr,Lc,Pers,Subj,Rel,Src)(k,k+1))(1.5)

So, for a picture of a situation as a whole:

- Parameter of time has the brightly expressed final and initial moment,

- Parameter of a place has a certain foreseeable geographical area,

- Parameter of personalities could cover the very large number of the participants, for example, whole peoples, something similar can be told and about parameter of the subjects,

- Parameter of connection with sources also would be considerably wider, as the event is mentioned in one source, and for a reconstruction of a picture of a situation the researchers use many sources.

It is possible to enter such generalizing concept, as the generalized fact - association of a picture of events and picture of a situation , that is association of a statics and dynamics into a single unit. Thus there would be a task of generalization of expressions (1.2) and (1.5).

Such task can easily be decided(solved) as follows. For chronology of events we enter conditional generalizing collection {Chr}, which for event would be, actually, chronology of the event (moment of time), and for a picture of a situation would be an extended time interval:

{Chr}= [Chr(E)+Chr(P(E(k),E(k+1)] (1.6)

And for parameter adequate(answering) for the actions (Act) we we enter the generalized action {Act}, which would correspond(meet) both statics, and dynamics. Then expression for generalized historical fact will be written down as:

F=F({Chr},Lc,Pers,Subj,Rel,{Act},Src) (1.8.)

For an illustration of our statements we shall result some examples. For each of these examples we shall very in detail describe their parameters.

Let's take recently left eighth volume Morosow [9]. On page 99 it quotes the "Suzdal" annals of the Moscow spiritual academy:

Page 99 "In that summer 6813 (i.e. 1305) had broked down in Rostov two bells great".

The event is described. Time of event - 6813 years from so-called world creation. From the viewpoint of the majority of the researchers, which do not know others era of recalculation, except for so-called Byzantian or constantinopolian era (this era carries Christ Birth for 5508 years from the world creation) - 1305 c.e.(common era). Its temporary distance till 2002 makes 697 years. A place of event is Rostov. The subject of events - bell. That with them has taken place (action) are they were broken. A source - Suzdal annals.

Here, following sentence.

"That of a years bascac Kutlubug has died".

Time of event - 6813 years from so-called world creation. The place of event is not known, about it it is possible at desire and to think. Personality of event is bascac Kutlubug. That with them has taken place (action) is its death. A source is Suzdal annals.

Here, following sentence.

"That summers went from Orda prince Michael son of Jaroslaw on great princehood".

Time of event is year 6813 from so-called world creation. The place of event here two-dimentional (is underlined, whence has arrived and it is meant, where it has arrived (to that city, where then was great prince residence, presumably, more all is not known, but chances of Tver, time this prince became the fame in Russian history as Tverian). Personality is prince Michael son of Jaroslaw. Action is his arrival on prince thron.

It would be desirable to make the small note. If at the description of event is mentioned two and more items, for their exactest identification there is a problem of multidimentionity of the description of given parameter. To it we shall return a little below at the description of names.

Examples of paramertisation of pictures of a situation. In narrative sources the pictures of a situation appered not so often, as pictures of the description of events.

The textbook on a history ancient Russia. The quotation from it. "In Russia, if the annals to trust, was acted the collection of laws, so called "The Russian truth". Thus a place of action - Russia, personalities - all inhabitants Russia, on which given the collection of the laws was distributed. Time (meant) - from a beginning of its acceptance up to the moment of introduction of the certain new law (that is picture of a situation without precise temporary frameworks).

One more example. Morozow. The eighth volume. A new sight on the Russian history.

"Here, during Latin empire, slavic princedoms including Kiev, are attacking from west spiritual and secular ordens of crusaders with the purpose to impose to them Unia, and in the annals is described instead of it, that they are attacking
on these princedom from East tatarian Ordas".

At once it is visible, that in these two sentences two pictures of a situation are described.

From them first "during Latin empire slavic princedom including Kiev, are attackind by west spiritual and secular ordains of crusaders with the purpose to impose to them Unia" is characterized

In temporal parameter - time of Latin empire (accordingly, the beginning of the given picture of a situation is a beginning of Latin empire, and the end is the end of this Latin empire), the place is a place slavic princedom, including Kiev, the participants of the relations are ordains, on the one hand, and slavic princedom, on the other hand, and the type of the relations is an aggression on the part of West. A source of the given information are the annals.

The second picture of a situation is described in the second part of the given complex sentence: "in the annals is described instead of it, that these princedom is attacking from East by tatarian Ordas" and this second part of sentence is complex too.

This second picture itself, in turn, is divided into two parts.

First of them corresponds to the main sentence " in the annals is described instead of it", and has parameters:

The time is a time from a spelling of the annals up to now, place - annals, the participants of the relations are not present (sentence impersonal), the relations are the relation of opposition, the source is a quoted eighth volume Morosow. Second, the additional a part of this sentence, "these princedoms are attacked from East by tatarian Ordas" describes a situation with the following parameters: the time is a time of Latin empire, a place of the relations are slavic princedom, participants of the relations - spiritual and secular ordains of crusaders, on the one hand, and slavic princedom, on the other hand, type of the relations - aggression on the part of West. A source of the information is annals.

Here we also have resulted two examples: one the straight line, and second rather bulky suffices.

Now let's result an example from the textbook of a history, which brightly illustrates interdependence of the fact and picture of a situation connected with this fact.

Example of the fact: the invention of a stone axe.

Example of a picture of a situation : the people go on a hunt not with wooden things only, but, from the moment of the invention of a stone axe, with a stone axe too.

It would be very desirable at last from the viewpoint of grammar to note, that in the sentence is mentioned as much of events or pictures of a situation , how many in it is present of words of action verbs.

By finishing with examples by-parametrical of representation of events (or images of events) and pictures of a situation , we shall continue creation of theoretical base for reconstruction.

The process of knowledge of the past occurs on the basis of sources. Thus, as we marked little bit above, there is a question of a source of knowledge of the given fact and question of ambiguity of the read information. As not so easily unequivocally to reveal exact chronology of event, its localization, essence and structure of the participants, that, generally, the fact can have some interpretations.

Therefore at study of a source we shall speak not about the facts, and about fact-interpretations. That is, shortly, the fact taken from a source, in the most general sense of a word, (is exacter - fact-image, as the fact is real took place somewhere in the external world, while in a source had a place only its reflection. Further with the purpose to avoid the extra bulky of our statement of a material by a superfluous terminology we shall was simply use expression "the fact taken from a source"), depending on chronology (it at once we write in the generalized kind {Chr}), localization (Lc), personalities (quantity of the involved (mentioned) persons and their names) (Pers), its subjects (Subj), relations between them (Rel), essence of the described actions, which also we write in the generalized kind {Act} and source of an origin (Src) can have N of interpretations. Let's write down first of them for brevity

FТ1=FТn({Chr},Lc,Pers,Subj,Rel,{Act},Src) (1.9)

Let's result an example of one fact from the annals, which supposes an abundance of fact-interpretations.

Russia, agrees to the so called "Npvell of temporary years", was baptized in year 6596 from world creation. The contained here fact theoretically can have some interpretations from the viewpoint of chronology, as has a place some ways of recalculation from one era from world creation per common era. As theoretically there can be an ambiguity in a place (about an abundance of interpretations of the term "Russia" is written, beginning with times Schlozer and Lomonosow too much). Fact of baptizing, that is transition of all Russian society (or, at least, its certain part) in a christianity (the change of a situation of things, from the viewpoint of our formalism) can cause many interpretations too.

Let's continue. As the historical event can be considered as the phenomenon short-term, even instant (fast change of certain parameters, dynamics), and picture of a situation as the phenomenon extended, long-term, it will be easier to consider all at first on an example of one-time holding events, and only then to begin consideration of questions of reconstruction on the basis of the generalized historical facts.

Thus at knowledge of the historical fact, both event, and the pictures of a situation , interested us, generally, all without exception parameters, which appear in brackets in expressions (1. - 1.9.). Certainly, within the framework of a physical opportunity them to learn. Or, if this phrase to tell in the more standard language, we were interested by(with) the most all-round description of the past.

If to consider these parameters of the description of the facts from the viewpoint of their physical nature, thus unique unidirectional, and therefore of axial parameters there will be a time.

Therefore we shall tell about slightly formalism connected to recognition of designated time, and we shall try then this formalism to apply to a perusal of other parameters of the description, which would be connected to names.

2. Determination of collection of probable value of time of the described event

In the beginning of this chapter author will suppsoe as necessary to note, that is many of ways of definition of such physical conception, as the time. It is necessary, for example to note one of ancient, which has defined time as a certain intermediate moment, intermediate condition between past and future.

We nor shall pay attention to division of day into fineer parts: hours, minute, second etc. and while we shall show interest only by day, as the development of measurement and designation of various parts of day is a theme for separate conversation.
We shall pay attention to another - as the time in the various documents could be designated and as though we could determine it on the basis of its various designations.

2.1. Ways of a designation and determination of time

Temporary identification of the described event or the pictures of a situation of things determine two things:

- Type of the accepted system of numbers record
- Type of the accepted system of time ordering and its record

As to second of collection forth above cases, it is subdivided into two: calendar and noncalendar.

In case of calendar system of record each event or the picture of a situation of things precisely becomes attached to the ordered system of record of dates. In this system certain large intervals are allocated as a basis for system of the account (years, months, days, hours, minute). In calendar systems, as a rule, is solved also question of a beginning of readout.

Thus, the establishment of time of event described in a source, in the elementary case, when the process of reading is considered only, is made by the following plan:

I. Determination of system of record of dates (noncalendarical, or calendarical, in the latter case type of a calendar).
II. Determination of time serving as the beginning of readout, i.e. date, from which there is a readout of time on the given scale (for example, in case of dating from world creation determination of date of world creation, which was available in an investigated source).
III. Determination of time specified in a source, concerning a beginning of readout of time.
IV. Determination of time specified in a source, in absolute system of timescoring (in common era, which else name as new era, or era from Christ Birth).

It is possible still to consider more complex process, which would mention not only process of reading, but also process of preliminary record. But about is a little further.

2.2. Determination of collection datings of event described in a source, by consideration only of process of a perusal of dates of this source without consideration of preliminary process of record

In this section the elementary process of a perusal of time specified in a source, in the elementary case will be considered, by consideration only of process of a perusal of dates of this source without consideration of process of record.

Let's allow, that we have disassembled, that in a source a certain sequence of graphic signs has the relation to a designation of time. That is we as managed to disassemble words of a type "year", "era", "epoch", "month", "edict" etc. Then we work at a perusal of signs under the circuit, represented in a fig. 2-1:

Fig. 2-1. Determination of collection datings on the basis of the direct information from a source.

First of all we take the table, which contains the information on the beginnings era yearsscoring (uppermost block).

Such information will be necessary to us as the information. Simultaneously with it we take directly from a source a sequence of graphic signs, which presumably relate to datings (first at the left block of an average row). Then, after process of identification, from this sequence of graphic signs we choose what directly relate to numerical signs (figures) and we identify each of them separately (in case of system of the Roman figures, for example, the letter V we identify as 5, letter X as 10. It is possible to result many other interesting examples for slavic, so-called Old-Jewish, Arabian and other traditions of a designation of dates, second block at the left). Then on the basis of sense of each mark separately we determine a probable range of real values of numbers of the given collection of signs as a whole (in view of that, the system of record is item or not item, and also, whether the certain standard simplifications in system of record (for example could take place to not write in general number of century or numbers millenium), third block from the left)). Then, knowing already collection of values of numbers of the given collection of signs as a whole, we try to determine its probable arrangement on a chronological scale.

Two cases here are possible: the presence and absence of more detailed information on binding to epochs and erae. The binding to epoch or other chronological signs can be given as day sacred, number of year in Olympiad, lunar and solar cycle etc. Accordingly in case of the indication of concrete chronological era we carry each date from an available at present collection on that or other place on an absolute chronological axis (ideal variant, it to consider(count) in years of common era or from our days) agrees theoretically to possible beginnings of yearsscoring of that era. For example, if the date is specified in years from world creation, best it would be necessary to touch all possible variants of the accepted recalculation at different chronological schools of the account of years from world creation in one year from common era (transition from third at the left of block directly to extreme right).

In a case, if such connection with epoch in a source is absent, anything another does not remain how to consider all theoretically of possible era yearsscoring, beginning from most popular and standard (transition from the lowermost block to most right).

Differently, at a perusal of dates in any source it is necessary to allocate record of numerical graphic signs (I blocks on fig.2-1), to identify record of number (II blocks in a fig. 2-1). Further on the basis of value of the given written down number to determine probable real number, which they could mean (paying in account of the probable missing of figures meaning the numbers of centuries and millenium, as the result of this the numerical signs designating numbers of centuries and millenium, could be omitted) (III blocks on fig.2-1) and to give a collection of points on a timebase (IV blocks in a fig. 2-1).

So, we have considered construction theoretically of possible collection of dates by consideration of only process of reading of the information of a source. Now for any collection of graphic signs on an input we can construct by consideration only of process of reading a certain collection datings on an output.

It is possible to consider more complex process, which mentions as well as reading already of available information, and its preliminary record. It will be from the viewpoint of a formalism by not so complex generalization therefore to consider all circuits of construction of reconstruction it is possible while and without process of preliminary record, and then it is a little to generalize the turned out picture.

3. Determination of collection of names of the historical persons and geographical names, mentioned in sources

So, from a collection of parameters which are included in expression (1.9) (Chr, Lc, Pers, Subj, Rel, Act, Src) we already have considered parameter of time Chr, and in this section we shall consider other parameters. The greatest riches of variants give personalities. We shall consider them first of all.

3.1. Theoretical bases of the personalities consideration.

The question of theoretical bases of consideration personalities is interesting and rather is important. The author of the book can not be kept noting, that in a historical science it in a number of cases (for times with doubtful chronology first of all) and is not solved up to the end, is especial when the historical science awfully denies nominal understanding of some names.

The further consideration will make difficultly without introduction of one additional concept. We shall name this concept as an elementary name and we shall determine it as follows: it a separately taken word which is included in structure of the complete name of a name.

For example, the name chinese Li Yu Shun includes three elementary names: Li, Yu and Shun, and name of Ivan Ivanovich Sidorov also three: Ivan, Ivanovich andSidiorv.

More complex example: Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicena) in this system would have five elementary names: Abu, Ali, Ibn, Sina and Avicena.

One serious moment, on which the sharp readers for certain have paid attention. Russian Ivanovich reflects feature of Russian grammar at formation of a name to form a word on behalf of the father (all a known patronymic). The same situation in the Chinese language is solved differently: actually name of the father forms the third word in a name of the son (in our example Li Yu Shun it, actually, Shun). In the Arabian language very much frequently structure of a name includes a word ibn with a certain word after it, that means that most: the son means such, that is record as a whole: ibn + name of the father.

When is going about creation of a formalism of comparison of names personalities, that, generally, it is possible to create two such as a formalism: from them in one of them the name would represent simply sequence of elementary names, and in second it was considered and would answer questions of a name of the father, mother, grandfather farther ancestors etc.

If a little to go on a way to complication by this axiomatic, such concept is possible to enter, as an elementary name - title, which turns out, when to the standard name the title increases. For example, the name great prince Michael Jaroslawich (Tver) contains five elementary names: great, prince, Michael, Jaroslawich and Tver. Generally, name by everyone personalities (and not only personalities, as we shall generalize in the following section) can have m of elementary names (EN - elementary names), which are possible to present as the list, and it is possible, is more brief - as a vector. As the vectors are now studied in high school:

Pers=Pers(EN1, EN2,....Enm) (3.1.)

Let's continue by that we shall try to carry out reasonings similar of themes, which we carried out for identification of time (fig. 2-2):

Fig. 2-2. A way of knowledge of names on a method of multivariancy

The graphic signs, speaking generally, can designate as a word as a whole (so-called hieroglyphic record) and separately taken sound (so-called sound record).

In light of our formalism of elementary names a hieroglyph we can to consideras already available elementary name, and as to sound (or syllabical) graphic signs, here is a little more complex, as it is necessary from separate sound signs (or, for simplicity, letters), to make words. That is, generally, still there is a problem of drawing up of words from separate graphic signs, as is reflected on the circuit in the bottom sequence of blocks. And after such perusal of words the text already can be considered as read, and from groups of signs it is possible to allocate forming words, those words, which could mean elementary names.

For example, from separately taken elementary names Whether, Yu and Shun is identified chinese Li YuSXhun, from words great, prince, Michael, Jaroslawich and Tver, when within the framework of a formalism, we shall be repeated, make sense of elementary names, is identified Michael Jaroslawich Tverian prince, which had a title great prince. If to try to result examples more spice of a rather traditional history, from a combination of elementary names Caius Iulius Caesar Augustus Imperator Romanum it would be possible at the not bad advanced imagination and consideration of consecutive disappearance of the information at copying to make a name not of one emperor. For example, if at copying the word Augustus disappears, Caius Iulius Caesar Imperator Romanum turns out, and if the words Caius Iulius disappear Caesar Augustus Imperator Romanum turns out.

Now we shall try to look at a problem on the other hand. As is known, the historical person in the chronicle can be mentioned as on a name own (surname, its name, name of its father and its forms, name of its mother and its forms, nickname), and on a name nominal (sort of employment, trade, post, characteristic of its appearance, character etc.). Following the above described formalism, we shall note, that all words, which characterize this historical person, are, according to our formalism, elementary names.

We shall name these elementary names as the own and nominal characteristics of its name, and we shall enter such concept, as the generalized name:

The generalized name is a collection of the own and nominal characteristics of a name of the historical person.

It is completely obvious, that the generalized name consists of elementary names. Henceforth we shall describe it by the letters NP (name of person).

We can enter such concept, as the generalized name-biography: when to all parameters of the generalized name the elements of the biography are adding. Henceforth we shall describe it by the letters NPB (name of the person and biography).

It is possible to go little further and to enter such concept, as the nominal generalized name. It will turn out, if all of us shall translate elementary names, which are components of the generalized name, on a certain common language (in our case - English).

(In an example, frequently considered by us, with a name of the Roman emperor Caius Iulius Caesar Augustus Imperator Romanum its generalized name will sound just so, and here its generalized nominal name will be Caius Iulius (with a word solar as one of the versions of translation, of Morozow a word Iulius connected with Greek Helios, further there was a replacement weak bachtongue H - on half-vowel Jot, which is represented by the letter I. But we here of such interpretation we shall not be adhere) Emperor (Caesar as one of the versions of translation) Sacred Commander(emperor as one of the versions of translation) Roman). For reproduction of his name-biography it is enough to take Plutarch (or his works, thats mean works himself) and to try to reproduce a pair-three of signs and its biography: studied on Rodos, has gained a victory above Pompeius, among enemies had Cassius and Brut. To parametrise mathematically these events it is not so easy (it is possible here to recollect Fomenko and his technique of the questionnaire-codes), which is stated in [3], therefore in an easily reproduced kind we result the only generalized name and generalized nominal name:

The generalized name: Caius Iulius Caesar Augustus Imperator Romanum

Generalized nominal name: Caius Iulius the Emperor Sacred Commander Roman.

One moment. Often there is very difficult to understand how to address with some names. For example, the name Alexander in nominal translation from ancient-greec of language means not that other, as the defence counsel of the people. Therefore at work with concrete names it is possible beforehand to stipulate the list of words, which by the to a course of consideration to consider untranslatable (for example, same Alexander).

It is possible both generalized name, and generalized name - biography, and nominal generalized name to describe by expressions, beautiful and convenient for the analysis. For example, the generalized name NP we can describe both

NP=NP(NP1, NP2... NPn) (3.2)

And generalized name-biography NPB (name of person-biography), we can write more comprehensive as

NPB=NPB(NP, NB)=(NP1, NP2... NPn, NB1, NB2.... NBn) =

(NPB1, NPB2... NPBn), (3.3)

and is absolute similar we can act(arrive) with the generalized nominal name NNP

NNP=NNP(NNP1, NNP2......NNPn) (3.4)

In our case examples of a name of the biography will look enough cubersomely:

NPB=(studied on Rodos, has gained a victory above Popmpeius, among enemies had Cassius and Brut),

but generalized name and generalized nominal name will behave itself more simply, and each of them in dependence:

NP=(Caius, Iulius, Caesar, Augustus, Imperator, Romanum)

NNP = (Caius, Iulius, Emperor, Sacred, Commander, Roman)

(one small moment brought by the author for the greater presentation. For the turned out expressions for NPB it is possible (that obviously) to enter as is wished a lot of component for these expressions).

And once more. The author with pleasure has resulted still examples for the generalized names, nominal generalized names and names - biographies, but they, alas, would occupy too much places, and the author immodestly hopes for good quickness and associative thinking of the readers.

Now we can develop a certain formalism of comparison of the generalized names of two historical persons (characters of sources), the generalized names or which names-biographies are described in a source.

3.2. Formalism of comparison of the generalized names of two historical persons

If to take one historical person from one source with the generalized name NP1, generalized nominal name NNP1, which biography we could describe as NPB1, other person from other source c by the generalized name NP2, generalized nominal name NNP2, with the biography NPB2, them to compare it is possible was a below-mentioned way.

So, we represent the plan of comparison of the generalized names generalized nominal names and generalized names-biographies of two characters of sources:

1. On the basis of the description of the characters of sources in sources by the most correct image to make the generalized names, nominal generalized names and - or the generalized names - biographies of each of two given characters of sources.

2. To result all data from their generalized names (and - or of the generalized nominal names and - or of the generalized names-biographies) as vectors of N-dimentional space according to the following logic:

- to take the first generalized name, and to reflect in a vector, it appropriate, it is its first elementary name (first word in the generalized name) as 1 (one).

- to take the second generalized name and to make in it search of the same word (same elementary name). In case of presence of the same word (same elementary name) to write in the same component of the vector, appropriate to it the same one. In case of absence of the same word (same elementary name) to write in this component Zero.

(As the small note: other logic, more flexible is possible too, for example, for names, which roots differ on one letter and so on. But about it, probably, the will be going in detail only at the following stage of development of our formalism - WP).

- similar procedure to do with all elementary names, which enter about structure both first, and second name. Then in a result we shall receive two vectors of identical length with a certain combination of units and zero as a component.

3. Under the simple formula to calculate the relation of their distance to a root from product of their own lengths (just a square root, instead of something other is chosen with the purpose of reception of dimensionless size).

4. To name the turned out parameters in parameters of comparison and to designate by their letters Znp, Znnp and Znpb (attention of the readers! Last item of the plan of comparison of two historical names - is a little bit lower). Then in case of comparison of the generalized names parameter of comparison Z will be written down as

Znp=R(NP1,NP2)/(sqrt(NP1*NP2)) (3.5)

Where R (NP1, NP2) is a conditional distance between two names - vectors, which is considered on all components of both vectors distinct from zero, and (sqrt (NP1*NP2)) is a square root from product of own lengths of these vectors,

And the expression for the generalized nominal names will be written down, accordingly, as

Znnp=R(NNP1,NNP2)/(sqrt(NNP1*NNP2)), (3.6.)

And for comparison of names - biographies parameter of comparison will have the kind

Znpb=R(NPB1,NPB2)/(sqrt(NPB1*NPB2)) (3.7)

It is completely obvious, that in this case two absolute different names will have parameter of comparisons equal 1 (is possible, for example, to compare two names or two on behalf of - biography, which are described by conditional vectors (0,1,0,1) and (1,0,1,0) or a pair (1,1,1,1) and (-1, -1, -1, -1)).

It is possible to enter a formalism and in another way: simply to count number conterminous a component and number a common component. Then parameter of comparison to enter from mathematical reasons it is even easier: it is possible to take number conterminous a component and to divide(share) it into number a common component for the longer and shorter name/name-biography. It is possible to name it, for concrecy, parameter of concurrences. That is

Zl=N+/Ngl (3.8)

Zs=N+/Ngs

Where N + is a number conterminous a component, Ngl - common number distinct from zero a component of a longer name, Ngs - common number distinct from zero a component of a shorter name. It is obvious, that in case of equality of length of names they coincide.

There is obviously too that parameters Znp, Znnp and Znpb, on the one hand, and the parameters Zl and Zs, on the other hand, are in the symmetric relations: the the names are more similar, the the values Znp, Znnp and Znpb are less, and the values Zl and Zs are more.

6. To fix meanings of the parameters of the comparisons of the generalized names Znp, generalized nominal names Znnp, generalized names - biographies Znpb and parameters of the concurrences Zl and Zs.

Example. If to compare Iulius Caesar to other Roman emperor, which in the textbooks(tutorial) of history is known as Octavian August (Octavianus Augustus Caesar Imperator Romanum, with the generalized nominal name the Eighth Sacred Emperor (Caesar) Commander Roman), it will be possible to calculate parameters of the concurrences and parameters of the comparisons (we here compare everything, except for the generalized names - biographies, for which creation from the biographies by a way parametrisation which would be coming bulky work).

For calculation parameters of the comparisons we shall write out their generalized names, submitted as expressions in brackets

I - (Caius, Iulius, Caesar, Augustus, Imperator, Romanum)
II - (Octavianus, Augustus, Caesar, Imperator, Romanum),

And these generalized names is represented according to item 2 of the stated formalism of the comparison as vectors (thus in detail writing an origin a component, absence of the given name we designate in figure 0 and further by name, appropriate to it in brackets, the order of the elementary names in both names we keep)

I - (1 (Caius), 1 (Iulius), 1 (Caesar), 1 (Augustus), 1 (Imperator), 1 (Romanum), 0 ((Octavianus))
II - (0 (Caius), 0 (Iulius), 1 (Caesar), 1 (Augustus), 1 (Imperator), 1 (Romanum), 1 ((Octavianus))

Or same vectors - already without explaining words (fig. 3-1)

I - (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0)
II - (0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)

Fig. 3-1. Results of the representation of the names of the two Roman emperors with the generalized names Caius Iulius Caesar Augustus Imperator Romanum and Octavianus Augustus Caesar Imperator Romanum as vectors.

Distances between them there will be sqrt (3)(at imposition: to represent a square root), and their lengths are equal, accordingly sqrt (6) and sqrt (5).

Znp = R(NP1,NP2)/(sqrt (NP1*NP2)) = (sqrt (3))/(sqrt (sqrt (30)))

The meaning of the parameter of the comparison for the generalized nominal names here will be same.

Znnp = (sqrt (3))/(sqrt (sqrt (30)))

(at imposition in the necessary place to represent a root of the fourth degree)

As to parameters of the concurrence Zl and Zs, here we consider the same vectors, as are represented in figure 3-1. According to the stated technique and formulae (3.8) we determine meaning of the parameter N+(at imposition: everywhere+to put downwards) as 4, meaning of the common number distinct from zero a component of the longer name as 6, meaning of the common number distinct from zero a component of the shorter name as 5, therefore a long and short parameter of the concurrences Zl and Zs accept meaning 2/3 and 4/5 accordingly.

If to go little bit further, in the event that distance between names or by names-biographies is less than unit (or, that that most, the parameter of the concurrences is more than zero), the wider statement of the issue is probable. In particular, it is possible to raise the issue about the probable duplicates, probable partial prototypes and probable sources of the image. (Here book author as the debt considers to note that fact, that about the theory of the duplicates is written at much A.T.Fomenko, the book author on the moment of its spelling was already familiar with mathematical methods of the research of which historical texts. They are stated in his book about methods of the mathematical analysis [123]. The book author has tried to do same under the contents work at an a little bit deeper level).

To enter Determination of the duplicate or of the partial duplicate it is uneasy: if in case of the comparison of the two names and/or of the names-biographies parameter of the comparison Zs start. Meaning(Value) 1 (concurrence all a component), it is possible to enter definition, that thus one historical person is the complete duplicate another. In case parameter Zs will matter in an interval from zero (strict inequality) up to unit, we can tell, that the compared historical persons can be the partial duplicates. The book author believes, that the given definitions do not require the comments, therefore it does not stop on it long.

If the image any of the character in a source has arisen on the basis of the information on the other person, other person thus is traditional (we shall emphasize that is traditional) refers to as as a prototype. A prototype and image by Determination are each other partial duplicates. At the same time image can contain the items of the information, which are gathered from other prototype. If to develop our formalism in view of the it, such concept is possible to enter, as the partial prototype, and is possible such, as a source of the image.

So. If on the basis of the certain historical person (group of the several historical persons) or of the character from a source (several characters from a source) there is in the other source a certain new character of the source (including MythologicaL), the given historical person (group of the persons) we shall name as sources of the image, and turned out character of the source - image.

Now it is possible to consider construction of all formalism connected to names of historical persons, completed, and we can a Couple of the words tell about a formalism of the geographical names and after that to move certain interesting results.

3.3. Formalism of the generalized names in application to the geographical names.

All formalism connected to a perusal of the geographical names, is completely similar, therefore the book author on it will not stop at all. He only will tell, that here it will be possible again to draw the circuit of the recognition of the name similar represented on a fig. 2-2, to enter such concept, as the generalized name of the geographical name and generalized nominal name. They will be written down as

GN (geographical name) = GN (GN1, GN2... GNn)(3.9)

NGN (nominal geographical name) = NGN (NGN1, NGN2... NGNn),

And all formalism of the comparison will be similar up to such degree, that the book author even on it will not stop and.

3.4. Brief results of the formalism of the research of the names

If now we once again shall look at all components of the expression (1.19)

F = F ({Chr}, Lc, Pers, Subj, Rel, {Act}, Src), we shall note, that chronology, Personalities and geography we already have described. On such parameters, as the subjects appearing in the description (not inspired subjects, subj.)

We do not pay attention, as the formalism of their description would be similar to a formalism of the description of the names Personalities and geographical names. That part of the description of the events, which at a narration is made by verbs (in our designations (rel, act) - relation and the actions) - also could be considered, and it would be very interesting. But the formalism in this case will be more complex, and the book author plans to carry out and to present development of this formalism on pages of the one of the following editions.

And now theoretical bases of the future researches are stated also we can, by taking hands anyone without restriction a source, to study and to give the characteristics to those or other events, which in it are stated. Thus there are a lot of the events and facts can have more than one fact-interpretation. We shall such fact-interpretations of the separate events name as the probable originals.

3.5. Plan of the actions on research of the name of historical person/geographical name

In figure 2-2 on page (at imposition to specify page) the circuit of the recognition of the name of historical person is represented, on which is represented, as we from a collection of the elementary names make identification of historical persons and collective concepts, which names consist of the collection of these most elementary names.

If we are put by the research problem of the given name, it would include still following stages, rather useful from the information viewpoint:

- To determine, not only its own name, but else its generalized name,
- To give by translation of the elementary names from language of the original on language of the research his generalized nominal name.

Since occurrence of his generalized nominal name most interesting begins in research of his name. That will give results of the translation, it is possible to itself to present. On a surface will appear(emerge) such words, as, word "governor", "proud", "beautiful", "strong", "courageous" etc.

Example: Ilkhan Gazan-Khan, character "Collection of histories" ("Dzhammi at-tawarih") by Rashid ad-Din, the governor of the state of the Mongolian state of Ilkhans (agrees to trad. history) to territory of the Iran and Iraq, has the nominal generalized name King (Ilkhan, or El-Khan, Spanish article El- (El-)) Beautiful (Gazan, in translation with Arabian) King (Khan) easily sees.

We, naturally, agrees hardly above to stated formalism could the different generalized nominal names even among themselves compare. But, unfortunately, will be quickly found out that, if we shall go further on a way only researches of this name, we shall be compelled to work with extremely large volume of the information. For example, if any commander includes in the name such generalized nominal name, as "courageous", we should collect in sources of all world of the people, which were described by an adjective "courageous". Therefore such way, the way of the comparison of the names, would result in work with indefinitely large volume of the information.

For this reason at work on research of the past we on the first place shall put just chronology, and work in comparison of the names - only on second. For this reason is lower, when the will going about construction of the probable originals of the some events, we shall pay attention only to chronology, that is on temporary identification of the event. Thus everything, as to localization of the event, his subjects and Personalities, we in general to consider we shall not be. If thus it is required separately to describe the probable originals various Personalities, any more complex procedures to be made will not be, and such probable original of such historical person " will be simple to be spoken". For example, if will be found out, that on one of the reconstruction versions one of the probable originals Charles the Great lived in XIV century, the probable original Charles the Great, come on XIV century " will be spoken simply".

So, the formalism of the recognition of the time and names of historical persons, and also names of the geographical names is stated. Now we can easily proceed(pass) to the issue of the statement of theoretical bases of the reconstruction of the separate events, separate sequences of the events, and also global reconstruction.

4. Theoretical bases for reconstruction of the separate events

We assume, that we have certain event E, mentioned in a rather early source in a certain chronological system. Generally, we about dating this event do not know anything, and our task is, that its dating to determine as it is possible more correctly. It is possible to consider record made in a source, as a chronological image of this event.

Speaking generally, the chronological system, in which this event is written down, has not one, and (generally) N of the ways of the recalculation on the standard chronological axis. We can of the dated record about this event from a source compare N theoretically of the probable originals of the event on a timebase in conformity to Quantity of the versions of the recalculation from one era in another (in our case for generalization it the fig. 4-1) is taken simply as N.

Besides the variant is not excluded, when the described event will have chance to be forged or legendary. Then we can accordingly reflect in figure (dark blue colour).

Fig. 4-1. Construction of the probable originals of the events, which dates are specified in years in various Erae at the unknown beginnings these Erae.

Where I1, I2, I3 - beginning various Erae, located on an absolute timebase, E (I1), E (I2) and E (In) - probable originals of the event, the information on which time was read out from a source. This information was counted in several ways (about which historical science) on an absolute timebase gives the items of the information. So have appeared N of the probable originals of the event E.

Figure 4-1 we can easily redraw as the more evident circuit, represented in a fig. 4-2

Fig. 4-2. A interdependence between an image of the event in a source and collection of its probable originals

E (im). - image of the events described in a source, and E1or, E2or.... Enor. - its probable originals.

Example. If the campaign prince Igor on polovts was held, agrees Lavrentian of the annals, per 6693 years from of the world creation, reading according to Constantinopolian of the tradition (the difference between common era (CE is accepted, according to common opinion, in the Russian annals, or AD) and era from of the world creation is equal 5508 or 5507, seasonally) will see year 1185 common era reading according to the Bulgarian era (this difference is equal 5504) will see year 1189 common era reading according to Eusebius Pamphilius (this difference agrees to him is equal 5200) will see year 1493 common era etc. (To a word, in more detail about Erae yearscoring - in the following article).

Similarly we can represent a case several (M) of the events, on each of which it is necessary on N of the probable originals (fig. 4-3)(one difference from the previous figures: we shall not represent nigilistic the version)

Fig. 4-3. The circuit of the interdependence M of the events reflected in sources, and N of their probable originals

On rice 3. E1, E2... En - images of the events in sources, E11, E12... E1n, E21.... Emn - their probable originals

If now to be collection by the issue of the reconstruction, it is easy to see, that for a reconstruction of the probable real event it is necessary simply to give the list all of his(its) probable originals and to give their locations on a timebase. That is in a result the following circuit should be realized:

Fig. 4-4. The chronological circuit of the interdependence of the images of the events described in sources, and probable originals..

In a fig. 3-3 E1, E2... Em are images of the events reflected in sources, and E11, E12, E1n, E21, E22.... Emn - their probable originals.

(Little note in brackets. For convenience the author has offered and has reflected in the circuit a simple chronological way of the numbering of the probable originals: to very first of them number 1 (for example is given, to first in the chronological order to the probable original of the event E1 number E11) is given, to the probable original following after it on the order - number 2 (the second probable original of the event E1 number E12) etc.) is given.

As an example it is possible to imagine some events, which in sources are dated in the same tradition from of the world creation, and them some probable originals. For the stronger illustrativity it is best to take events from the different annals.

On the basis of the data submitted in a fig. 4-4, we can construct collection of the reconstruction versions separate independent of the events, the items of the information about which we shall take obviously from different sources.

5. Theoretical bases for reconstruction of the sequences independent of the events.

We assume, at us is M of the events fixed in different sources, or, in another way, sequence from M of the events (for simplicity we shall name these events mutualindependence). Our goal is to give the most complete picture theoretically of the probable final reconstruction versions of all collection of the events from the chronological viewpoint.

For creation any of the reconstruction versions we take determined, i-th the probable original E1i of the image of the first event E1, then probable original E2j of the image of the second event E2, etc. up to the probable original Emk of the event Em. (Fig.5-1)(nigilistical of the version with the purpose nonblocking of the figure here are omitted). In result the first version of the reconstruction turns out which can conditionally be written down as the formula, as

E1iE2j.... Emk (5.1)

Fig. 5-1. A principle of the creation of the reconstruction versions of the sequence of the events on the basis of the construction of the probable originals from an image

We can absolute similarly construct the second version of the reconstruction how it is represented in a fig. 5-2

Fig. 5-2. Constructions of the other version of the reconstruction for this purpose of the collection of the events

This version of the reconstruction we can easily describe by the formula

E1i2E2j2.... Emk2 (5.2)

(Theoretically here it would be possible to result an example, but, alas, it would be too bulky. We deal globalismus, and from the viewpoint of the occupied place it is obstinate and is severe).

Now we shall illuminate the issue of the Quantity of the reconstruction versions constructed thus.

If the first event can have N1 of the probable originals, second of the N2 etc. also last, m-th (with the number M) under account Nm, all in the assumption of the mutual independence and at absence of the other restrictions it will turn out

N1*N2* ...*Nm (5.3)

The reconstruction versions, and in that specific case, when each of the events fixed in a source, has N of the probable originals, there can be N**M (N in M-that degree) reconstruction versions.

That is, if is present of the sequences from five events, each of which has till three probable originals, all it is possible 3**5 (to read and to represent: three in the fifth degree) reconstruction versions.

6. Theoretical bases for reconstruction of the separately taken sequences of the connected events, and also for global reconstruction.

We shall generalize the above-stated reasonings from a case of the separate events on a case of the connected sequences of the events slightly. If two events undertake from one source, such events any more will not be mutual independent (certainly, if the source is primary. It is possible, certainly to generalize the reasonings which have been carried out in the given section, if the source is not primary, but it will be reduced to the case, already described in the previous section, independent of the sources).

Such consideration has completely precise scientific underlying reason, as onetiming mutual independent of the event are submitted in act sources, and sequence of the events - narrative, descriptive sources. Then we in figures 4-1 - 5-1 instead of the symbols of the separate events shall draw symbols of the chronicles. Then (if on a course of the business to enter concept of the chronicle with nigilistical by the probable original) at us the following circuit will turn out (Attention! Oh this figure ther sequences of eventes are reflected not as linie, but as the point):

Fig. 6-1. The image of the connected sequence of the events, reflected in the chronicle and its probable originals

Where C(im). Is an image of the chronicles really available on hands, and C1or., C2or.... Cnor. - its probable originals.

Similarly we represent a picture on a case M of the chronicles (fig. 6-2)

Fig. 6-2. The image of the connected sequence of the events, reflected in the chronicles and its probable originals (the case of many chronicles)

Where C1.... Cm is a collection of the real chronicles, and C11, C12.... Cmn - collection of their probable originals.

7. Creation by one of the separately taken version of the reconstruction of the process and business, arising on a course, of the pictures of the situation of the things, and also collection of the versions.

At first for creation of the most complete picture of the reconstruction versions of history of the certain long interval of history (in an ideal - history of all mankind) on the basis of the connected sequences of the events (chronicles) we make reasonings similar of themes, which we have carried out in section 4 of this article, where the case of the reconstruction on an example independent of the events was considered. We represent on the circuit M independent of the chronicles and we postpone on a chronological axis their probable originals (fig. 7-1)(Note: we specially to not block up figure, draw the probable originals not on an axis, and we represent them as pieces parallel axes slightly moore high).

Fig. 7-1. The circuit of the reconstruction of history on a case M of the sequences independent of the events (M of the chronicles).

In a fig. 7-1 1, C2... Cm are images of the sequences of the events, taking from sources, and C11, C12... C1m is a collection of their probable originals.

Let's try to construct even one of the reconstruction versions. With this purpose we:

a. We shall choose process, which we would like to reconstruct with the help of the items of the information, contained in sources
b. We shall collect the most complete collection of the items of the information about it as datings of the events in those or other traditions. Among them we shall allocate the information, which is present as onetiming of the events (act material) and as the connected chronicles.
c. We shall construct one of the reconstruction versions.

Two ways of the construction of the reconstruction further are possible:

- To build the reconstruction versions of the consecutive events (chronicles) and separately taken Facto-interpretations simultaneously

- To build the reconstruction versions at first only of the consecutive events (chronicles), and only then to compare them to the facts or factintepretations.

First of the two ways has that lack, that, if on it to go, under all laws combinatorics we shall collide with the very large number of the reconstruction versions. This lack will be to a lesser degree shown for the second case, when a certain collection of the reconstruction versions will be already created and each of the fact-interpretations will be simple from each of the reconstruction versions to be compared, and the results of the given comparison will be fixed by the rating principle. In the second case, hence, the circuit of the process of the knowledge will be realized twostageble: at the first stage construction of the collection of the reconstruction versions and at the second stage them rating evaluation.

So, we shall go on the second ways: at first we build collection of the reconstruction versions, and then we shall compare to them various fact-interpretations.

c. We shall construct one of the reconstruction versions.

It we can make on the basis of the fig. 7-1, if we shall take a certain original of the first chronicle, then certain probable original of the second chronicle, etc. up to last, m-that chronicle. For concrecy we shall represent one of them in a fig. 7-2.

Fig. 7-2. An example of the one of the reconstruction versions, which can be briefly written down as C1iC2j... Cmk (7)

(expression is fundamental, therefore we even number it simply by number of the article and number of the unit, without more detailed numbers)

Also we shall give to it number C1iC2j... Cmk (7)

That in another way will mean: i-th the probable original of the 1-st chronicle+j-th the probable original of the 2-nd chronicle +...+k-th the probable original of the m-that chronicle.

(Little note in brackets. If to go under the order, the separate reconstruction versions would enter the name as

I C11C21C31.... Cm1 (7.1)
II C11C21C31.... Cm2 (7.2)
III C11C21C31.... Cm3 (7.3) etc. down to last, which we have designated as Fin (its number we shall illuminate then)
F C1n1C2n2C3n3... Cmnm (7.f))

Thus generally number of the reconstruction is convenient for describing by the formula

C1n1C2n2... Cmnm (7.4), where

C1n1 is a probable original of the chronicle C1 under number n1
C2n2 is a probable original of the chronicle C2 under number n2....
Cmnm is a probable original of the chronicle Cm under number nm.

On it a bracket of the note we can close).

Thus, in the elementary case (in case of the consideration only of the process of the reading of the information, without consideration of the process of its preliminary record) we will have following picture: a collection from M of the chronicles, each of which has N of the probable originals, under all laws combinatorics will give

N**M (7.5)(N in M-th degree) reconstruction versions.

Here there will be a logical issue: whether it is possible as so dangerously large (how it supposes combinatorics) Quantity of the turned out reconstruction versions to reduce? The author will try to answer, what yes, such reduction is possible, and in the following section will state certain principles, on the basis of which the Quantity of the reconstruction versions can be reduced....

And one more little remark comonphysocal of the character. If we build the reconstruction versions only on the basis of the chronicles (narratives of the material), there is one interesting commonhistorical moment: how to be with pictures of the situation of the things? You see the reconstruction of the picture of the past should in themselves include not only description on dynamic parameters (something was, something was held), but also description on statically parameters (picture of the life by the current moment).

Generally, the separately taken chronicle Cx can be spread out on dynamic parameters (already to us to known events) Cx(d) and static parameters of the description (already to pictures, familiar to us, of the situation of the things) Cx (s), and as the following step to build collections of the probable originals of the static and dynamic parameters separately.

Given, the considered chronicle Cx can be presented as the sum of the events, described by it:

Cx = (E1 (x) E(x)).. E(x))(7.6),

Between which certain pictures of the situation of the things P((x)) pictures of the situation of the things between the first and second event), P (2,3)(x)) pictures of the situation of the things between the second and third event) take place.

(Little example, which we already resulted. We assume, the important event in a history of the mankind (or, for concrecy, separate tribes) - invention of the stone axe was held. A bit later after it other event was held: the destruction tribes, invention of the other means of the hunt, extinction of theimals or is simple of the failure of the hunt as from occupation. And in an interval between them a picture of the situation of the things following: tribe goes on a hunt with a stone axe).

If this to describe generally, we simply shall reproduce the formula (9.1.3) on a case of the underlining of the static aspect

P((k),(k+1)(x))(s)(7.7)(s little in brackets unequivocally speaks about static aspect of the narration, and the letter x speaks about number of the chronicle)

In result the considered chronicle (7.6) Cx = (E1(x)E(x)).. E(x))

Can be copied as

Cx = (E1 (x) P (((x)) E(x))(((x)) E(x)).. P (((x))((x)) E(x)), (7.8)

And its collection of the probable originals Cx1, Cx2, Cx3.... Cxn, which is represented in figure 6-2, as of the collection

Cx1 = (E1 (x1) P ((1,2)(x1)) E2 (x1) P ((2,3)(x1)) E3 (x1)... P ((m-1)(x1), (m)(x1)) Em (x1))
Cx2 = (E1 (x2) P ((1,2)(x2)) E2 (x2) P ((2,3)(x2)) E3 (x2)... P ((m-1)(x2), (m)(x2)) Em (x2))(7.9)
...
Cxn = (E1 (xn) P ((1,2)(xn)) E2 (xn) P ((2,3)(xn)) E3 (xn)... P ((m-1)(xn), (m)(xn)) Em (xn))

If to return to the issue of the collection of the reconstruction versions, the separately taken version of the reconstruction we build on the basis of the same principles, as for a case not splittings of the chronicle into aspects: we take in the chronological order all images of the events from sources (we assume, in the given version of the reconstruction all them of the r). Further we write the version of the reconstruction as. (Attention! The represented numbering essentially is new!)

E1 P (E1, E2) E2 P (E2, E3) E3... Er (7.10)

Where E are the probable originals of the events, and P are turning out pictures of the situation of the things,

And their collection (is allowable, all at us of the reconstruction versions n) has turned out is represented as

E11 P (E11, E12) E12 P (E12, E13) E12... E1r
E21 P (E21, E22) E22 P (E22, E23) E23... E2r
E31 P (E11, E12) E12 P (E12, E13) E12... E1r (7.11)
...
En1 P (En1, En2) En2 P (En2, En3) En3... Enr

In result we have received two forms of the record of the reconstruction versions of the events: as the probable originals of the separate chronicles (we shall reproduce this expression one more time)

C1iC2j... Cmk (7.12)

( i-th the probable original of the 1-st chronicle+j-th the probable original of the 2-nd chronicle +...+k-th the probable original of the m-that chronicle)

Or is direct as expression, which gives a more complete picture of the reconstruction of the events. The expressions (7) and (7.11) one from another differ by a more detailed degree comprehensivity. As to practical application, much more practical the expression (7) looks, as it allows to build reconstruction on the basis of the chronicles, instead of the separate events, that essentially will reduce number of the every possible working variants.

The expression (7) can have one interesting special case, which concerns that a certain chronicle Cx can contain the descriptions as events, as well as certain pictures of the situation of the things. Then we could easily spread out it on static and dynamic aspects on separate underchronicles Cx = Cx(d)+Cx(s)(it would be desirable to note thus, that the chronicles much more often described events, rather than pictures of the situation of the things. The restoration of the pictures of the situation of the things, as a rule, was business later of historians), and the expression (9.7) for one of the separately taken version of the reconstruction thus start. The view

(C1i(s)+C1i(d))(C2j (s)+C2j(d))... (Cmk(s)+Cmk(d))(7.13)

Where the mark+inside brackets would mean a simultaneity, or, if completely statically and dynamic parameters to share,

C1i(s)C2j(s)...Cmk(s)+C1i(d)C2j(d)... Cmk(d)(7.14)

So, we have received expression for collection of the reconstruction versions, writing in detail on static and dynamic aspects separately. Alas, in this case reduction of the examples would be so bulky, therefore the author again will express feeling of the awkwardness before the readers for their absence, and will try to state the contents of the unit literally on fingers: if there is a certain collection of the chronicles, it is possible easily to create the reconstruction versions as events, in them described, and pictures of the situation of the things. Thus it is impossible to overlook(forget) about a formalism, which we have developed for various names Personalities and geographical names.

As to a task of the optimum reduction of the reconstruction versions, it at such splitting of the chronicles into static and dynamic aspects

Is kept. To this issue will be given the following section.

8. Principles of the optimum reduction of the received reconstruction versions

The underwritten formalism, strictly speaking, is not strict. Actions of the researcher, which creates various pictures of the reconstruction, by something remind actions of the chess player, which counts variants. Thus theoretically before the chess player there are a lot of the various variants, and it really only counts one-two, sweeping aside others as not best. Similarly to this the founder of the reconstruction versions somewhere intuitively feels, that is necessary to consider only one - two of the way of the reconstruction as most probable, concerning thus to other variants of the reconstruction only as to only theoretical.

So, theoretically it is possible to carry out certain logic reasonings on a theme of the character of the development separate civilisation of the processes (for example, development of the art, science, architecture, of the technologies etc.) and to reach certain conclusions on character of the development of these processes from the viewpoint of the continuity. The conclusion was formulated so: such processes would be continuous or explosive.

The author as the man of the tolerant sights can suppose, that the various researchers can come both to conclusions of the continuity, and to a conclusion about uncontinousung(gaping, breaking) civilisation of the processes. He only will formulate the viewpoint, which is, that he is the supporter of the viewpoint of the continuity civilisation of the processes. And alongside with it he formulates a principle of the originality, principle antiantiquing and principle of the interdependence of the sources:

So, principles of the optimum reduction of the reconstruction versions:

1. Principle of the continuity
2. Principle of the originality
3. Principle antiantiquing
4. Principle of the interdependence of the sources

1. Principle of the continuity,
Which in application to the large number of the reconstruction versions would consist in the following:

If at the given version of the reconstruction there are temporary intervals (lacuna), which are not described by historical documents, such version is improbable.

The given principle can easily be generalized to a geographical attribute, that would be important for reconstruction of history of the separate territories:

If at the given version of the reconstruction of the given territory (given community of the people) there are temporary intervals, which are not described by historical documents, such version is improbable.

2. Principle of the originality
If it to formulate briefly, it says, that is improbable, that one the temporary interval describing events, helding in one any territory, was described by two independent chronicles with the absolute different characters.

3. Principle antiantiquing
As a rule, the issue datings of the separate events in a global history was not deprived of the political shade, and the disputes on a theme "that ancient" arose not so seldom. Therefore very much frequently separate events were described by obviously earlier dates, rather than they took place actually.

As if to a return situation, that is when the events early were dated by dates later, they practically were not observed. Therefore author of the clause will venture to formulate a principle antiantiquing:

Improbable those reconstruction versions are, when in a result the probable original of the connected sequence of the events (chronicle) will lay chronologically before the image of this sequence of the events reflected in the chronicle. (On an example of the fig. 7-2: the destiny of the probable original of the chronicle C1 is improbable which lays before the chronicle).

4. Principle of the interdependence of the sources
If to say about it briefly, the principle consists that if in two primary independent sources there are very similar against each other blocks, the probable originals of these blocks should lay in one, or, at least, in close to each other time. This principle can good work by consideration, for example, chronicles of the two nearby cities.

Unique, that it would be desirable to add is what to formalize and precisely to describe such concept, as the block, sometimes can appear business rather bulky.

And in a traditional history such method refers to as textological, and the basic principles it are stated in the book by D.S.Lihachew "Textology" [4].

9. Creation of the reconstruction versions in case of the suspicion of the separate historical documents on unauthenticity (or, in another way, of the nigilized versions).

Technique of the construction of the reconstruction versions especially effectively works by way of the knowledge of historical reality on those periods, on which many documents, which describe the given period, are suspicious from the viewpoint of their reliability.

In this case technique of the construction of the reconstruction of the versions essentially to differ will not be. We shall simply take a narrower collection of the initial chronicles, thus the chronicle suspected in unauthenticity, not considering at all.

If, for example, in unauthenticity the chronicle C1 is suspected, the collection of the reconstruction versions, on this times nigilistical, c by expressions 7.7.f (see section 7) taken for a basis, will be copied as

I C21C31.... Cm1 (9.1)
II C21C31.... Cm2 (9.2)
III C21C31.... Cm3 (9.3)......
Fin C2n2C3n3... Cmnm (9.f)),

And if all chronicles, except for a certain chronicle Cj are suspected of the unauthenticity, the collection of the reconstruction versions will look as a collection of the probable originals of this chronicle Cj:

I Cj1
II Cj2
III Cj3......
Fin Cjn (9.f2))

It is simple to count total Quantity of the common reconstruction, which will turn out in such case. A collection from M of the chronicles, each of which has N of the probable originals, under all laws combinatorics will give

(N+1)**M (9.4)

((N+1) in M-th degree) reconstruction versions (Attention! In comparison with the formula (8) expression (N+1) instead of the N for the account occurrence by one more, zero, version) here has appeared in the basis of the degree.

10. Generalization of theoretical bases of the reconstruction on a case of the consideration also of the processes of the record.

So, we shall consider, that we already have received a collection of the reconstruction of the versions of history of the mankind by consideration of the only process of the reading. Now we still shall consider process of the preliminary record.

In this case we shall consider not only process of the perusal of the dates specified in a source, but also process of their record. Really it is less rich by variants, than the case of the perusal of the dates from a source, as annalist, doing record, knew, as a rule, is not a lot of the systems of the account of the years, and only one - two. Nevertheless, this process should be considered in the most common case, as is represented on fig.10-1

Fig. 10-1. Record of the event in different Erae with the different beginnings yearscoring.

Where I1... Im is a collection datings of the one event E in different Erae. (In a reality, for example, I1 there can correspond(meet) any of the global systems of the account of the years, and Im - any of the local, for example, years of the government any of the governor).

From figure 10-1 distinctly it is visible, that the temporary Evaluation of the same event in different temporary scales can be different.

Both it is possible to represent process of the record, and reading, on the circuit similar represented on fig.4-1, and at us the generalization of this circuit on a case of the consideration of the preliminary record (fig. 10-2) will turn out. It literally means the following: if at us at the first stage the process of the record in a source of the real event according to m to traditions took place, and at the second stage we make process of the reading of the image of the event according to n to traditions, there will be an a little bit more complex circuit of the construction of the probable originals. As, actually, in a fig. 10-2 is represented too.

Fig. 10-2. The schematic image of the process of the fixing of the events in sources and their further reading

Similar reasonings we can do about record not only separate events, but also connected sequences reflected in the chronicles (or, simply speaking, in the chronicles) as a whole. If to consider an image of the one sequence of the events and its probable reflection in the chronicles with the various beginnings of the readout, we will have picture (fig. 10-3), similar represented on a fig. 10-1.

Fig. 10-3 The schematic image of the process of the fixing of the sequences of events in sources and their further reading

Where C is the conditional designation of the sequence of the events (chronicle), and Ic and Fc - accordingly beginning of the chronicle and end.

In this figure it is visible, that in case of the reflection of the real sequence of the events in different sources with various systems of the beginning yearscoring as a beginning of the sequence of the events, (chronicles), and its end will receive in the various chronological versions of the various dating.

Now on a case of the reading with preliminary record we shall generalize reasonings on the theoretically probable reconstruction versions of the collection of the chronicles. In another way, we can generalize a fig. 10-2 on a case not only process of the simple reading, but also on a case of the preliminary record. The common circuit is represented in a fig. 10-4. The difference from figure 10-2 here is, that we have united two average blocks in one.

Fig. 10-4. Reflection L sequences of the events in the chronicles in case of their preliminary record and subsequent reading.

(It would be desirable to make one little remark: in a collection of the probable originals represented in a fig. 10-4 in the right columns, there can be absolute identical versions standing under different numbers. They can undertake that in translation process in one era in another and then return recalculation per initial era those numbers can increase and to be subtracted which in a result will result in identical results).

From this figure it is visible, that essentially circuit of the reconstruction of the events represented on a fig. 10-3 and 10-4, does not vary.

So, we have received a certain collection of the reconstruction of the versions of the events on the basis of the chronicles. Now, carrying out the promise given in section 7.b., we pass to a technique of the comparison of the separate versions by the rating principle.

Before it we shall consider one case, which for the author is not represented cumbersome, namely case of the not dated historical material.

11. Generalization of the previous calculations on a case of the not dated historical material and basic principles of the work with it.

The principles of the work with the not dated historical material practically do not differ from principles of the work with the dated chronicles, therefore book author will not become these principles describe in detail. Only in this case in view of the absence of the dates the suspicion in unauthenticity of the material and its legendarity grows. Thus, naturally, essentially can increase number of the probable originals and final reconstruction versions.

12. Plan of the local reconstruction of the separate historical fact separately taken period, process, subject, phenomenon in a history, history of this or that territory.

We are interested in light by the above-stated plan of the local reconstruction of the separate historical fact or of the separately taken period, process, subject, phenomenon in a history of this or that territory or all mankind. Let's consider this all in sequence.

12.1. Plan of the local reconstruction of the separate historical fact

Let's try approximately to describe the plan of the actions of the researcher in case of the characteristic any of historical fact, which concept, according to our formalism, is generalizing concept of the event and picture of the situation of the things, that is statics and dynamics. Thus two cases are possible: if the given fact undertakes from the certain concrete source, or we, having before ourselves the name of the fact, want it to investigate on as it is possible for a plenty of the sources.

In the first case all is rather simple: enough to take a source to present the fact as collection of the fact-interpretations, and to give an Evaluation of this fact and his separate interpretations of the rather that or other reconstruction versions. Thus it is necessary always to have in attention aspect of the chronology, which is in this case most important aspect. The chronological indisputability has a place for Europe approximately from XVI centuries, for Russia - approximately from XVII centuries (we shall it call by the periods of the chronological indisputability), though both issues require very serious research work. In case of the chronological indisputability all sharply becomes simpler also all should go on such ways, on what, actually, now and there is a process of the knowledge. And here the case of the chronological absence of the chronological indisputability is considerably richer on variants fact-interpretations.

In the second case, if there is only name of the fact, all is much more complex. We assume, that if we have only name of the event without any concrete dating (for example, battles on the river Kalka), for research of this event to us, according to the stated formalism it is necessary to investigate in all an available historical material all generalized names and nominal generalized names (see section 9.3.1 of this article). It, alas, as the minimum is labour-consuming and cumbersome, though other ways to reception of the most common result to the book author and does not see. Though, naturally, as well as in any search, it is possible from certain probabilitical(eventualical) of the reasons to collection its depths. For example, by search of the name "Kalka" to exclude all Chinese, Korean, American and (at desire) Mythologycal sources as the obviously not having relations to researched by us battles, which, according to a traditional history, was held between Russian princes, on the one hand, and Tatar-Mongols, with another. Results of the search in such case (ideal variant) to present as the elementary table of the type "source" - " an Evaluation of the source by the various reconstruction versions " - " the characteristics (parameters) events specified in a source " - " results of the comparison of the characteristics of the event with the various global reconstruction versions".

12.2. Plan of the local reconstruction of history of that or other period.

So, history of that or other period. Before us a task: to write with certain

By the given level of the detail a history of that or other period in a history of the mankind. Thus it is more - less clear., as messages itself during chronological indisputability: it is necessary simply to take already written textbook of history and to copy from him(it) the information concerning this territory, not forgetting thus about sources.

However, even for the periods with absence of the conclusive chronology the way is not very complex: it is necessary to take collection of the reconstruction versions and from each of the reconstruction versions to take the necessary periods, and further to formulate conclusions as the table: "period" - " the version of the reconstruction " - " the basic events".

12.3. Plan of the local reconstruction of the process

The plan of the local reconstruction of the process, or sequence from several events, is completely similar to the plan of the local reconstruction of the separate historical fact. After consideration of the local reconstruction of the separate facts it is simple (at least, from the viewpoint of the logic), to proceed to consideration of the reconstruction of their sequence. Here number of the moments, interesting from the viewpoint of the theory too is probable, but author while on them in detail to stop will not be. Unique, that it will note, that thus the collection of the versions of the local reconstruction will be probable, each of which can be estimated by the rating principle. Last remark is important at reconstruction of those or other local events when to address to collection of the global reconstruction versions will be as a minimum cumbersome.

The plan of the actions on research of the certain phenomenon in a history, with that only absolute similarly would look distinction, that the researcher still should receive the nominal and generalized nominal name of the given phenomenon and to make search of the similar phenomena in all an available historical material. Again, Rating the Evaluation of those or other reconstruction versions of this phenomenon would be more than pertinent.

12.4. Plan of the local reconstruction of history of the real historical person/geographical name.

Such plan will be clear to follow from the plan of the actions on research of the name of historical person/geographical name, which is stated in section 3.5. After splitting the period of the research for the periods chronologically conclusive and chronological disputable concerning the period chronologically conclusive messages itself, generally, it is clear as. At the same time as the consideration of the period chronologically disputable would require application by all stated in section 3. Procedures of the construction of the nominal name and generalized nominal name.

After that in all a historical material the search of the given nominal generalized name (both historical person would be made, and geographical name), and results would be submitted as the following table:

"The Carrier of the generalized nominal name, as he is known in sources" - "sources, in which he is mentioned" - "an Evaluation of the given sources agrees to those or other reconstruction versions".

For example, if in certain sources is described Bald Vova, we build his generalized name and generalized nominal name. In last by a case we mark, that the reduced name "Vova" has a complete name "Vladimir", which has such nominal sense, as owning the world. After that we shall make search on a word "bald" and "owning the world" and we represent results of our researches as described by the paragraph above than table.

After thealysis of the information we can present reconstruction of history of historical person as his biography (or collection of the biographies with rating by an Evaluation of the each of them), and reconstruction of history of the geographical name - as, actually, history of the given geographical object (or all geographical objects with the given name), with rating by an Evaluation of the each of them.

From the viewpoint of the logic this will be by the elementary deduction, that is by reasonings from the general to the particular.

For a concrete example: if to the independent researchers of their city Ryazan wants to write the most authentic history of the city Ryazan, they should first of all take available collection of the versions of history Russia (and at desire - all world). All available facts from any sort of the sources on a history of this city to compare to each of these versions, therefore the collection of the local reconstruction of history of the city Ryazan (or of the other objects with the name Ryazan) will turn out. After that by comparison to those or other reconstruction versions to give by each of the versions of history of the city Ryazan the rating Evaluation. Kolomna will be a little bit more complex(a little bit more difficult) with construction of the reconstruction of history of the city: it is necessary to mean, that under such name could appear not only known city at a mouth Moscow river in the Oka river, but also fine occupied items near of the medieval Moscow (nowadays in Peculairity of the Moscow) and area of the St.-Petersburg.

And absolutely hardly it is necessary at research of history of the Novgorod. The reader, probably, has guessed, why.

12.5. Plan of the local reconstruction of history of the subject

If is going about research of history any of the subject, the plan of the actions on reconstruction of its history (for example, history of the helmet Alexander Macedonian) is completely similar to history, described in the previous section, of the reconstruction of historical person. We take all historical material, we spend search of his name, and we represent results as the table described in the previous section:

"The Carrier of the generalized nominal name, as it is known in sources" - "sources, in which he is mentioned" - "The evaluation of the given sources agrees those miles to other reconstruction versions".

13. Brief summary of the article

The method of the multivariancy has as any other method the most good prospects at research of the processes with disputable and uncertain issues with chronology, geography, Personalities, subjects, individual actions and mutual relation, which entirely and number take place at study of the events, it is traditional relasted to an antiquity and middle ages.

The picture, which has turned out in a result, by the most objective image will allow to reflect any historical issue, and also (that most important) will allow to create historically most authentic concept of the separate issues of the global history. Also there will be an opportunity to develop the project on creation of the new textbook of history, a theoretical basis for which the author and has tried to develop and to present in this article.

Translated in English by author October 2002 - June 2003.